Seminar #63 from Online Seminars for Municipal Arborists – July / August 2015
Sections
Click on the green words for more information
Sections
Click on the green words for more information
Integrated
Pest Management
The ANSI A300 Standards are divided into multiple parts, each focusing on a specific aspect of woody plant management. These standards are used to develop written specifications for work assignments to those who supervise the management of trees, shrubs, and other woody landscape plants. The standard does not apply to agriculture, horticultural production, or silviculture.
This is an excerpt of the draft version for the standard ANSI A300 Part 10 – Integrated Pest Management, which is currently open for public review. If you have any comments on this proposed Standard, please contact Bob Rouse at rrouse@tcia.org as soon as possible.
Integrated Pest Management Standard
Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide standards for practice and be a specification writing guideline to implement IPM programs.
Reasons for IPM
The reason for IPM is to provide a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools, in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.
Implementation
The parameters of the IPM program should be defined by a qualified arborist, IPM specialist, or IPM manager in Specifications for IPM and should be written and administered by the appointed IPM manager. Specifications should be based on the site and plant assessment. Specifications should include IPM management strategy, timing of monitoring, threshold for treatment, evaluation, and reporting.
Safety
IPM shall be implemented by an IPM manager, who, through related training or on-the-job experience, is familiar with the standards, practices, and risks of pest management and the equipment used in such operations. This standard shall not take precedence over applicable industry safe work practices.
Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be used when performing IPM activities. PPE shall be fitted, maintained, and stored as specified by the manufacturer or applicable regulations. IPM managers and trainees shall follow appropriate safe work practices. Performance shall comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws and environmental regulations as should public and worker safety.
The sites shall be inspected for visible, above-ground hazards prior to beginning any tree management procedure. The location and type of utilities and other obstructions both below and above ground shall be considered prior to tree management operations. Job briefings shall be performed as outlined in ANSI Z133.
IPM practices
Communication with the client and adjacent property owners shall be in compliance with federal, state, and local regulations.
Plant and site assessment
A site inspection should evaluate the current and potential conditions and problems along with the identification of key plant(s), their location, plant health, site conditions, cultural and horticultural practices, limitations, environmental conditions, requirements, and pest emergence. The results of the plant and site assessment should be documented.
The ANSI A300 Standards are divided into multiple parts, each focusing on a specific aspect of woody plant management. These standards are used to develop written specifications for work assignments to those who supervise the management of trees, shrubs, and other woody landscape plants. The standard does not apply to agriculture, horticultural production, or silviculture.
This is an excerpt of the draft version for the standard ANSI A300 Part 10 – Integrated Pest Management, which is currently open for public review. If you have any comments on this proposed Standard, please contact Bob Rouse at rrouse@tcia.org as soon as possible.
Integrated Pest Management Standard
Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide standards for practice and be a specification writing guideline to implement IPM programs.
Reasons for IPM
The reason for IPM is to provide a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools, in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.
Implementation
The parameters of the IPM program should be defined by a qualified arborist, IPM specialist, or IPM manager in Specifications for IPM and should be written and administered by the appointed IPM manager. Specifications should be based on the site and plant assessment. Specifications should include IPM management strategy, timing of monitoring, threshold for treatment, evaluation, and reporting.
Safety
IPM shall be implemented by an IPM manager, who, through related training or on-the-job experience, is familiar with the standards, practices, and risks of pest management and the equipment used in such operations. This standard shall not take precedence over applicable industry safe work practices.
Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be used when performing IPM activities. PPE shall be fitted, maintained, and stored as specified by the manufacturer or applicable regulations. IPM managers and trainees shall follow appropriate safe work practices. Performance shall comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws and environmental regulations as should public and worker safety.
The sites shall be inspected for visible, above-ground hazards prior to beginning any tree management procedure. The location and type of utilities and other obstructions both below and above ground shall be considered prior to tree management operations. Job briefings shall be performed as outlined in ANSI Z133.
IPM practices
Communication with the client and adjacent property owners shall be in compliance with federal, state, and local regulations.
Plant and site assessment
A site inspection should evaluate the current and potential conditions and problems along with the identification of key plant(s), their location, plant health, site conditions, cultural and horticultural practices, limitations, environmental conditions, requirements, and pest emergence. The results of the plant and site assessment should be documented.
IPM objectives shall be established
with the client using the information obtained during the plant and site
assessment and the following items should be considered:
- Monitoring protocols;
- Decision making guidelines and establishing action thresholds;
- Treatment options;
- Environmental and site limitations;
- Cultural needs and conditions; and
- Soil conditions.
These objectives should be reviewed by
the client and adjusted based on client input.
Management strategy
A management strategy shall be developed based on the objectives, IPM principles, and IPM practices. Targeted treatments shall be considered an acceptable management strategy. The strategy shall consider the results of the plant and site assessment and shall specify action thresholds that initiate implementation of management methods. Non-selective treatments that do not consider the pest situation, client expectations, and site and plant conditions shall not be considered an acceptable management strategy when using an IPM approach.
Management strategy
A management strategy shall be developed based on the objectives, IPM principles, and IPM practices. Targeted treatments shall be considered an acceptable management strategy. The strategy shall consider the results of the plant and site assessment and shall specify action thresholds that initiate implementation of management methods. Non-selective treatments that do not consider the pest situation, client expectations, and site and plant conditions shall not be considered an acceptable management strategy when using an IPM approach.
Action thresholds should be based on
the following:
- Pest populations, physiological injury to the plant, plant aesthetics;
- Client pest tolerances and objectives;
- Preferential use of cultural or biological treatments when effective;
- Presence of beneficial organisms;
- Stage of plant development;
- Seasonal weather conditions; and
- Site inspection frequency.
The scope of work specifications should
include, but are not limited to:
- Plant location(s);
- Height as related to treatments;
- Plant(s) selected for the program;
- Number, timing, and intervals of monitoring visits;
- Delivery method and time frame for monitoring reports and end-of-season report;
- Person designated to receive the reports; and,
- Program evaluation.
Monitoring
and decision-making
Monitoring frequency shall be established. Monitoring visits shall include physical inspections and observations of key plants. Monitoring should include, but is not limited to:
Monitoring frequency shall be established. Monitoring visits shall include physical inspections and observations of key plants. Monitoring should include, but is not limited to:
- Plant phenology and climate conditions, insect growing degree days;
- Timing and intervals;
- Pest Identification, population, and life stage(s) present;
- Plant conditions;
- Evaluation of the results of previous IPM activities and treatments;
- Potential for natural or biological control of the pest; and,
- Client, plant, and site requirements and expectations.
A decision to treat shall be made by
the IPM manager based on the results of monitoring and evaluation of the pest
population and the action threshold.
When a decision to treat is made, the IPM manager shall choose treatments
from available management methods in accordance with the objectives and the
management strategy. Efficacy of
management method(s) should be considered.
IPM management methods
The IPM manager should specify one or more of the following management methods: biological; cultural; physical/mechanical; and, chemical (organic pesticides, reduced-risk pesticides, traditional pesticides).
Considerations
The following must be considered before action is taken:
IPM management methods
The IPM manager should specify one or more of the following management methods: biological; cultural; physical/mechanical; and, chemical (organic pesticides, reduced-risk pesticides, traditional pesticides).
Considerations
The following must be considered before action is taken:
- Plants that are not performing well on the site and/or require a high level of pest management. Preference should be given to replacement with species or varieties that are resistant to pests.
- Conservation, introduction, and/or augmentation of natural predators and parasites of pests on the site.
- Installing plant species that promote predators and parasites of pests.
- Cultural approaches to maintaining plant health such as, but not limited to, pruning, improving soil conditions, mulching, and irrigation.
Dealing
with treatments
When specified, pruning shall be performed according to the ANSI A300 Part 1 Pruning standard. When specified, soil and root treatments shall be performed according to ANSI A300 Parts 2, 5, 6, and 8 standards. Use of physical/mechanical management methods such as, but not limited to, physical removal of a pest, use of barriers, and trapping should be considered. If organic materials are specified, IPM managers should specify the type and formulation to be used, and the organic certification system applicable.
Chemical treatment selection
When a chemical treatment is specified or used, preference should be given to the use of materials, appropriately registered for use, with minimal threat of adverse impact to non-target organisms. The IPM manager shall consider the following criteria when selecting chemical treatments:
When specified, pruning shall be performed according to the ANSI A300 Part 1 Pruning standard. When specified, soil and root treatments shall be performed according to ANSI A300 Parts 2, 5, 6, and 8 standards. Use of physical/mechanical management methods such as, but not limited to, physical removal of a pest, use of barriers, and trapping should be considered. If organic materials are specified, IPM managers should specify the type and formulation to be used, and the organic certification system applicable.
Chemical treatment selection
When a chemical treatment is specified or used, preference should be given to the use of materials, appropriately registered for use, with minimal threat of adverse impact to non-target organisms. The IPM manager shall consider the following criteria when selecting chemical treatments:
- Sensitivity of the site or adjacent site, with special attention to protecting beneficial insects;
- Label requirements or restrictions;
- Legality of use on the site and for the targeted pest(s);
- Risk related to client and applicator safety and environmental impact;
- Efficacy against targeted pest(s);
- Residual toxicity to target and non-target organisms; and,
- Delivery system requirements.
Chemical
treatment application
- Chemical treatments shall be used in accordance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
- Chemical treatments shall be applied according to manufacturers’ label instructions.
- Chemical shall be stored in their original container or a labeled pesticide service container.
- Consideration shall be given to minimizing the amount of pesticide used.
- Pesticide spray drift shall be minimized by selection of appropriate spray equipment, calibration, spray adjuvant, and pressure.
- Preference should be given to applying a spot treatment such as treating individual plants or parts of plants.
- Chemical treatments should be selected or rotated to reduce the risk of pest resistance.
IPM
program evaluation
The IPM program evaluation should assess the efficacy of treatments in relation to the objectives established. Evaluation of treatments shall be used to adjust and improve the IPM program. The results of the IPM program evaluation shall be reported to the client as prescribed in the scope of work. The type and timing of the report (oral, written) required shall also be specified as part of the scope of the work. Written monitoring reports should consider:
The IPM program evaluation should assess the efficacy of treatments in relation to the objectives established. Evaluation of treatments shall be used to adjust and improve the IPM program. The results of the IPM program evaluation shall be reported to the client as prescribed in the scope of work. The type and timing of the report (oral, written) required shall also be specified as part of the scope of the work. Written monitoring reports should consider:
- date of inspection,
- key plants & key pests,
- locations,
- observations,
- treatments (including target pests),
- material formulation and dilution rates as appropriate,
- progress report,
- customer interaction and response, and,
- general safety observations.
New or additional recommendations
should be made based on the monitoring findings, objectives, and the management
strategy. Tree risk assessments, if
required, shall be performed according to the ANSI A300 (Part 9) Tree Risk
Assessment standard.
When specified in the scope of work, an end-of-program/season report should consider:
When specified in the scope of work, an end-of-program/season report should consider:
- activities, accomplishments, and/or challenges,
- status report of key plants and key pests from initial plant and site assessment,
- the pest and plant conditions during implementation,
- the pest and plant conditions at program completion,
- treatments, materials applied to key plants or key pests on the site,
- materials applied during the program period,
- customer interaction, including pest tolerances and expectations,
- recommendations for the next season, and,
- other general site, safety, or landscape observations.
Tools
and equipment
IPM equipment used to implement the program shall be maintained in proper working condition. Drill bits used for trunk injection shall be clean and sharp. Equipment shall be used according to manufacturers’ instructions. Equipment shall be calibrated to deliver an accurate dose of material to the targeted plant. Equipment should provide adequate agitation to keep products mixed as required. Equipment and application techniques shall be appropriate for the site and to meet IPM objectives.
Definitions
action threshold: The point at which the pest threatens the stated IPM objectives and requires the implementation of a management tactic.
arborist: An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture who, through experience, education, and related training, possesses the competence to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants.
arborist trainee: An individual undergoing on-the-job training to obtain the experience and the competence required to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants. Such trainees shall be under the direct supervision of an arborist.
biological management: Management of pests using predators, parasites, and disease-causing organisms. Biological management may be naturally occurring or introduced.
chemical treatments: Management of pests through the use of pesticides, pheromones, or insect growth regulators.
client: The person or entity who authorized the IPM services.
cultural management methods: Methods used to reduce pest populations by making conditions unfavorable for pests or more favorable for plant growth.
evaluation: 1) The process of comparing the current or predictable pest population to the action threshold to determine the need for treatment. 2) The process of assessing the results of the IPM program.
integrated pest management: A sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools, in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks. Choice of tactics is based on effectiveness, environmental impact, site characteristics, safety, economics, and client expectations and preferences.
IPM manager: An individual who possesses necessary credentials and experience, and has supervisory oversight for developing IPM policy and programs.
IPM specialist: An individual who possesses necessary credentials and experience for implementing IPM programs.
IPM specialist trainee: An individual undergoing IPM training to obtain experience, competency and credentials and is under the supervision of an arborist, IPM manager, or IPM specialist.
key pest: A pest that frequently results in unacceptable damage and typically requires treatment.
key plant: 1) A plant that frequently experiences unacceptable pest damage. 2) A plant of value to the client.
monitoring: A systematic inspection of the managed landscapes conducted at regular intervals to determine the types of pests, their numbers, the amount of damaged caused by pests, the presence of beneficial organisms, and the effectiveness of treatments.
non-selective treatments (cover sprays): Methods used to manage pests without consideration of an IPM approach.
non-target organism: An organism that is not intentionally targeted by a pest management strategy.
organic pesticide: A pesticide made from naturally occurring ingredients. Organizations and agencies certify materials as meeting their requirements for use of the term organic.
parasite: An organism living in or on another living organism (host) from which it derives nourishment to the detriment of host, sometimes killing the host.
pest: Living organism including animal, insect, mite, disease, nematode, or undesirable plant that interferes with or threatens plant health or aesthetics.
plant / site assessment: A systematic determination of the landscape parameters, plant species, pest populations, key plants, key pests, and site conditions.
predator: An organism that preys on another organism.
physical / mechanical management method: Physical removal of pest or by use of equipment.
reduced-risk pesticide: A designation by the U.S.EPA that includes pesticides with the following attributes: low impact on human health, low toxicity to non- target organisms, low potential of ground water contamination, low use rates, low pest resistance potential, and compatibility with IPM practices.
scope of work: A description of the work activities, deliverables, and time-line a vendor must execute in performance of specified work for a client.
selective management: Methods used to manage specific pests using an IPM approach.
shall: As used in this standard denotes a mandatory requirement.
should: As used in this standard denotes an advisory recommendation.
specifications: A detailed, measurable plan or proposal for performing a work activity or providing a product, usually a written document.
spot treatment: A treatment localized on a plant, a portion of a plant, or a small group of plants.
standard, ANSI A300: The performance parameters established by industry consensus as a rule for the measure of extent, quality, quantity, value or weight used to write specifications.
targeted treatment(s): Pest management procedures that focus on a host plant and targeted pest.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA practice credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
IPM equipment used to implement the program shall be maintained in proper working condition. Drill bits used for trunk injection shall be clean and sharp. Equipment shall be used according to manufacturers’ instructions. Equipment shall be calibrated to deliver an accurate dose of material to the targeted plant. Equipment should provide adequate agitation to keep products mixed as required. Equipment and application techniques shall be appropriate for the site and to meet IPM objectives.
Definitions
action threshold: The point at which the pest threatens the stated IPM objectives and requires the implementation of a management tactic.
arborist: An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture who, through experience, education, and related training, possesses the competence to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants.
arborist trainee: An individual undergoing on-the-job training to obtain the experience and the competence required to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants. Such trainees shall be under the direct supervision of an arborist.
biological management: Management of pests using predators, parasites, and disease-causing organisms. Biological management may be naturally occurring or introduced.
chemical treatments: Management of pests through the use of pesticides, pheromones, or insect growth regulators.
client: The person or entity who authorized the IPM services.
cultural management methods: Methods used to reduce pest populations by making conditions unfavorable for pests or more favorable for plant growth.
evaluation: 1) The process of comparing the current or predictable pest population to the action threshold to determine the need for treatment. 2) The process of assessing the results of the IPM program.
integrated pest management: A sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools, in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks. Choice of tactics is based on effectiveness, environmental impact, site characteristics, safety, economics, and client expectations and preferences.
IPM manager: An individual who possesses necessary credentials and experience, and has supervisory oversight for developing IPM policy and programs.
IPM specialist: An individual who possesses necessary credentials and experience for implementing IPM programs.
IPM specialist trainee: An individual undergoing IPM training to obtain experience, competency and credentials and is under the supervision of an arborist, IPM manager, or IPM specialist.
key pest: A pest that frequently results in unacceptable damage and typically requires treatment.
key plant: 1) A plant that frequently experiences unacceptable pest damage. 2) A plant of value to the client.
monitoring: A systematic inspection of the managed landscapes conducted at regular intervals to determine the types of pests, their numbers, the amount of damaged caused by pests, the presence of beneficial organisms, and the effectiveness of treatments.
non-selective treatments (cover sprays): Methods used to manage pests without consideration of an IPM approach.
non-target organism: An organism that is not intentionally targeted by a pest management strategy.
organic pesticide: A pesticide made from naturally occurring ingredients. Organizations and agencies certify materials as meeting their requirements for use of the term organic.
parasite: An organism living in or on another living organism (host) from which it derives nourishment to the detriment of host, sometimes killing the host.
pest: Living organism including animal, insect, mite, disease, nematode, or undesirable plant that interferes with or threatens plant health or aesthetics.
plant / site assessment: A systematic determination of the landscape parameters, plant species, pest populations, key plants, key pests, and site conditions.
predator: An organism that preys on another organism.
physical / mechanical management method: Physical removal of pest or by use of equipment.
reduced-risk pesticide: A designation by the U.S.EPA that includes pesticides with the following attributes: low impact on human health, low toxicity to non- target organisms, low potential of ground water contamination, low use rates, low pest resistance potential, and compatibility with IPM practices.
scope of work: A description of the work activities, deliverables, and time-line a vendor must execute in performance of specified work for a client.
selective management: Methods used to manage specific pests using an IPM approach.
shall: As used in this standard denotes a mandatory requirement.
should: As used in this standard denotes an advisory recommendation.
specifications: A detailed, measurable plan or proposal for performing a work activity or providing a product, usually a written document.
spot treatment: A treatment localized on a plant, a portion of a plant, or a small group of plants.
standard, ANSI A300: The performance parameters established by industry consensus as a rule for the measure of extent, quality, quantity, value or weight used to write specifications.
targeted treatment(s): Pest management procedures that focus on a host plant and targeted pest.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA practice credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
An Historical Summary of Municipal Arboriculture
Edited by Len Phillips
The planting of trees by humans was first recorded four thousand years ago on Egyptian tombs and later in the Assyrian’s parks in 700 B.C. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon in 600 B.C. provided vegetation within an urban setting. Greek cities in 500 B.C. were planted with plane trees and poplars. These trees were irrigated with runoff carried in stone channels. Spanish, Islamic, and Muslim gardens contained figs and plane trees for cooling and shade. Before 700 A.D. bonsai originated in China and then spread eastward to Korea, and finally to Japan.
Urban forestry, as we know it today, probably began in the 1200’s when elms were planted adjacent to English cathedrals. Later, in the 1600’s, trees in Paris followed a network of tree lined boulevards and avenues. During the early 1700’s in England, major efforts were undertaken to plant trees for ornamental reasons in urban parks and along London’s streets to improve the city’s environment.
In America’s colonial times, East Coast village greens in the center of every town provided a meeting place, a place for animals, and some aesthetic relief. The use of trees in the urban landscape copied the techniques used in Europe. William Penn declared one acre out of five should be spared of clearing in Philadelphia. On December 2, 1633 the Town of Cambridge, Massachusetts issued an order that any person who fell any tree near the path between Watertown and Charlestown, going through Cambridge would be fined five shillings for every tree felled. In 1635, Boston ordered all the trees removed from the neck connecting the city to the mainland. The wood was used for building lumber and fuel. This also eliminated the forest cover that provided cover for robbers who ambushed travelers. By 1646 however, Bostonians realized that the loss of the forest caused floods, erosion, and no shelter from the intense summer heat. The first public shade tree planting in the New World occurred that spring when a large number of men planted American elms. The children carried water to the trees while the women and maidens prepared the food.
In the 1800’s, more cities began to plant and protect city trees. The 1791 plan for Washington D.C. contained trees as major design elements. The planting of tree species from Europe was quite popular until the mid-1800s. Soon after the Lewis and Clark expeditions (1804 - 1806), new material from the west coast led to the introduction of western evergreens into the eastern landscapes. Native species gained popularity in the 1850’s along with fruit trees that were popular according to the nursery trade. Beginning in the 1860’s, China and Japan opened their doors to the world and a flood of new species were introduced and many of them became excellent urban trees.
The rise of horticulture as a science also occurred in the 1800’s. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Horticultural Societies are generally credited with having a major influence on the selection and planting of trees in the urban environment. The planting of elms on Boston Common in the 1810’s was followed by Lynn, Massachusetts when that city first planted street trees according to modern principals in the 1830’s.
During the 1850’s period, landscape architecture was born. Some of the leaders in this movement were Andrew Jackson Downing, Calvert Vaux, and Frederick Law Olmsted. In 1872, J. Sterling Morton, a farmer-legislator, then living in a relatively treeless Nebraska, proposed that an annual Arbor Day be observed for the purpose of planting trees, a practice that is now observed in most of North America. The holiday grew out of a local campaign conducted in Morton’s hometown newspaper to plant trees on Nebraska’s treeless prairie. Morton bought 160 acres of barren land and immediately began planting a grove. Today, his home is transformed into a park known as Arbor Lodge. It contains 150 different varieties of trees and shrubs. His son, Joy, in 1922 founded the 1,500 acre Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois with about 4,800 different types of plants, making it one of the largest arboretums of its kind.
One of the early textbooks dealing with street tree maintenance and arboriculture practice was issued by forester B. E. Fernow, in 1911. This was the beginning of forestry education and arboriculture in Canada. Fernow preferred that the term “tree warden” be applied to the care of street and lawn trees. Cities and towns in the Northeastern states had tree wardens appointed as early as the 1700’s. Professor Solartoroff in New Jersey also published an early book on urban shade trees that is considered one of the first and best textbooks on this subject.
In 1899, the office of Tree Warden was established in every city and town in Massachusetts. Three years later, the first professional forestry organization, the Massachusetts Forestry Association, was formed to provide training and technical assistance to the tree wardens. Although this organization was first dominated by foresters, urban foresters later became predominant and today the utility arborists dominate the organization.
From 1893 to 1916, Dr. George E. Stone served as professor of Botany at the University of Massachusetts. His scientific discoveries in arboriculture evolved into modern day tree surgery. He was deeply concerned with the urbanization of America and the impact the expansion of utilities above ground and below, was having on street trees. Dr. Stone also served from 1900 to 1915 as Tree Warden of Amherst, MA, and spent many years dealing with legislation to license Arborists and the valuation of shade trees. One of Dr. Stone’s pupils was John Davey. John wrote an excellent book which separated forestry from arboriculture. John also founded the Davey Tree Company.
With so many new insects and plant diseases, new pesticides were being developed that required expertise to use. New tree and shrub varieties from all over the world were also being introduced. A short course for tree workers was established in 1913 at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. At the close of this first short course, through the efforts of Dr. Stone, 25 classmates formed the Massachusetts Tree Wardens and Foresters Association
Colleges in Michigan in the 1920’s and Ohio in the 1930’s began to offer forestry programs and in 1947, the first degree in Arboriculture was issued. University courses to study urban forestry as an integrated urban forest ecosystem were first introduced at the University of Toronto in 1965.
In 1869, gypsy moths were accidentally released in the US and problems began about 20 years later. The devastation brought about by gypsy moths was probably the most important factor which led to the creation of laws dealing with arboriculture and the need to educate and hire municipal arborists. With the advance of 1940’s, phloem necrosis and oak wilt, came recognition for the need of knowledge about how to deal with these problems. Research was directed to many universities and the need for experience in shade tree management was recognized in many cities. The individual who needed the research and had to cope with the tree problems became the city forester, city arborist, or the tree warden.
In 1936, the Shade Tree Laboratory at the Massachusetts Agricultural College was established in response to the threat from DED. This was soon followed by the Waltham (MA) Field laboratory which became a special focal point to save and promote municipal arboriculture. The loss of urban elms to DED in the 1950’s, caused another public awareness of the bleak environment that resulted from the loss of trees. This encouraged an interest in tree planting programs everywhere. Although most cities in the first half of the twentieth century, began urban forestry programs, it was not until the 1960’s and 70’s that urban forestry became a separate profession. Foresters began communicating with environmentalists and a specialty of environmental forestry developed in leading communities. This was coupled with the trend to plant trees in the suburbs where there was a higher value placed on trees.
Street Tree Master Plans
The first indication of the need for information pertaining to urban tree management began back in the 1920’s. It wasn’t until the 1970’s however, that a nationwide interest in street tree inventories developed, and approximately one third of the large American cities had or considered making one. This coincided with a desire to organize pruning efforts to a city-wide scheduled program instead of on-demand which was recognized as being very inefficient. The late 70’s and 80’s brought a trend of using arboricultural consultants to prepare the inventory, analyze the data, and prepare a street tree master plan.
The street tree master plan was largely an unknown until the late 1970’s when a few consulting firms and municipal arborists from around the US experimented with writing them. It was remarkable that all of these independent actions achieved similar results in approach and format of a plan. They all contained an evaluated inventory, an evaluation of the community, local regulations, and a planting plan or tree list. Later plans became more elaborate and comprehensive.
During the 1980’s, as computerization became affordable and widespread, the need for accurate, up-to-date inventories and carefully designed street tree master plans became apparent in cities everywhere. The consulting firms and universities which designed these programs were able to customize each plan to the specific needs of each community.
Federal Regulations
In 1967, a citizen’s committee recommended to the President of the United States, that the US Forest Service should develop an urban forestry program that would provide technical assistance to US cities. By 1971 Urban Forestry Act was passed to provide technical assistance to cities and states for local urban forestry programs. The 1978 Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act expanded the commitment to urban forestry with cost sharing support for tree planting.
Urban Forestry Associations
There are a wide variety of associations that deal with urban forestry. The National Shade Tree Conference (NSTC) began in 1924. The NSTC became the International Shade Tree Conference in 1968 and the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) in 1976. The ISA now deals with the entire spectrum of arboriculture with the exception of forest care and tree care businesses, and it contains several professional affiliate or special interest groups.
In the early 1960’s, many of the urban foresters sought better representation and more time at the NSTC annual meeting. When nothing happened, the group started the Society of Municipal Arborists (SMA) in 1964. The goal was to form a society devoted to research and educational subjects in municipal arboriculture. Today, the SMA sponsors a Forestry Department Accreditation program, publishes City Trees magazine as its journal and provides many other services to its members.
With the departure of municipal members, the NSTC established the Municipal Arborists and Urban Foresters Society (MAUFS) in 1969 to meet the needs of their municipal arborists. A major association battle for members occurred in the early 1970’s as the SMA and MAUFS struggled for growth. By 1978 MAUFS membership had grown from 26 to 64 members that peaked in 1989 at 245. The SMA started with 21 members and grew to almost 200 members in the mid 90’s. There were several attempts at merging these two organizations into one. Finally, in 1996 the two became the SMA as a professional affiliate of the ISA and the combined membership was 377. Today the membership is 1000+ members from around the world.
The National Arborist Association (NAA) formed in 1938 as a special interest group in the NSTC until leaving in the mid 1950’s and eventually became today’s Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) with a focus on commercial tree care companies.
Since 1900, the Society of American Foresters (SAF) has provided access to information and networking opportunities to prepare members for the challenges and the changes that face natural resource professionals. In 1972, the SAF created an urban forestry working group. This group developed a comprehensive definition for urban forestry and continues to provide some support for urban forestry programs.
The American Forestry Association has been publishing information about general forestry since 1875 and developed the National Urban Forest Council in 1981 to promote an appreciation of the benefits of the urban forest. Now called American Forests since 1992, this group is refocused on conservation and replanting forests after disasters.
The National Arbor Day Foundation (NADF) was founded in 1972, 100 years after the first Arbor Day celebration in Nebraska. This group, now numbering over a million members, serves an educational function by passing technical information to its lay members. The NADF also sponsors the very popular Tree City USA program and it’s Arbor Day Institute which provides training programs for the layman and professional municipal arborists.
Sources
Edited by Len Phillips
The planting of trees by humans was first recorded four thousand years ago on Egyptian tombs and later in the Assyrian’s parks in 700 B.C. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon in 600 B.C. provided vegetation within an urban setting. Greek cities in 500 B.C. were planted with plane trees and poplars. These trees were irrigated with runoff carried in stone channels. Spanish, Islamic, and Muslim gardens contained figs and plane trees for cooling and shade. Before 700 A.D. bonsai originated in China and then spread eastward to Korea, and finally to Japan.
Urban forestry, as we know it today, probably began in the 1200’s when elms were planted adjacent to English cathedrals. Later, in the 1600’s, trees in Paris followed a network of tree lined boulevards and avenues. During the early 1700’s in England, major efforts were undertaken to plant trees for ornamental reasons in urban parks and along London’s streets to improve the city’s environment.
In America’s colonial times, East Coast village greens in the center of every town provided a meeting place, a place for animals, and some aesthetic relief. The use of trees in the urban landscape copied the techniques used in Europe. William Penn declared one acre out of five should be spared of clearing in Philadelphia. On December 2, 1633 the Town of Cambridge, Massachusetts issued an order that any person who fell any tree near the path between Watertown and Charlestown, going through Cambridge would be fined five shillings for every tree felled. In 1635, Boston ordered all the trees removed from the neck connecting the city to the mainland. The wood was used for building lumber and fuel. This also eliminated the forest cover that provided cover for robbers who ambushed travelers. By 1646 however, Bostonians realized that the loss of the forest caused floods, erosion, and no shelter from the intense summer heat. The first public shade tree planting in the New World occurred that spring when a large number of men planted American elms. The children carried water to the trees while the women and maidens prepared the food.
In the 1800’s, more cities began to plant and protect city trees. The 1791 plan for Washington D.C. contained trees as major design elements. The planting of tree species from Europe was quite popular until the mid-1800s. Soon after the Lewis and Clark expeditions (1804 - 1806), new material from the west coast led to the introduction of western evergreens into the eastern landscapes. Native species gained popularity in the 1850’s along with fruit trees that were popular according to the nursery trade. Beginning in the 1860’s, China and Japan opened their doors to the world and a flood of new species were introduced and many of them became excellent urban trees.
The rise of horticulture as a science also occurred in the 1800’s. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Horticultural Societies are generally credited with having a major influence on the selection and planting of trees in the urban environment. The planting of elms on Boston Common in the 1810’s was followed by Lynn, Massachusetts when that city first planted street trees according to modern principals in the 1830’s.
During the 1850’s period, landscape architecture was born. Some of the leaders in this movement were Andrew Jackson Downing, Calvert Vaux, and Frederick Law Olmsted. In 1872, J. Sterling Morton, a farmer-legislator, then living in a relatively treeless Nebraska, proposed that an annual Arbor Day be observed for the purpose of planting trees, a practice that is now observed in most of North America. The holiday grew out of a local campaign conducted in Morton’s hometown newspaper to plant trees on Nebraska’s treeless prairie. Morton bought 160 acres of barren land and immediately began planting a grove. Today, his home is transformed into a park known as Arbor Lodge. It contains 150 different varieties of trees and shrubs. His son, Joy, in 1922 founded the 1,500 acre Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois with about 4,800 different types of plants, making it one of the largest arboretums of its kind.
One of the early textbooks dealing with street tree maintenance and arboriculture practice was issued by forester B. E. Fernow, in 1911. This was the beginning of forestry education and arboriculture in Canada. Fernow preferred that the term “tree warden” be applied to the care of street and lawn trees. Cities and towns in the Northeastern states had tree wardens appointed as early as the 1700’s. Professor Solartoroff in New Jersey also published an early book on urban shade trees that is considered one of the first and best textbooks on this subject.
In 1899, the office of Tree Warden was established in every city and town in Massachusetts. Three years later, the first professional forestry organization, the Massachusetts Forestry Association, was formed to provide training and technical assistance to the tree wardens. Although this organization was first dominated by foresters, urban foresters later became predominant and today the utility arborists dominate the organization.
From 1893 to 1916, Dr. George E. Stone served as professor of Botany at the University of Massachusetts. His scientific discoveries in arboriculture evolved into modern day tree surgery. He was deeply concerned with the urbanization of America and the impact the expansion of utilities above ground and below, was having on street trees. Dr. Stone also served from 1900 to 1915 as Tree Warden of Amherst, MA, and spent many years dealing with legislation to license Arborists and the valuation of shade trees. One of Dr. Stone’s pupils was John Davey. John wrote an excellent book which separated forestry from arboriculture. John also founded the Davey Tree Company.
With so many new insects and plant diseases, new pesticides were being developed that required expertise to use. New tree and shrub varieties from all over the world were also being introduced. A short course for tree workers was established in 1913 at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. At the close of this first short course, through the efforts of Dr. Stone, 25 classmates formed the Massachusetts Tree Wardens and Foresters Association
Colleges in Michigan in the 1920’s and Ohio in the 1930’s began to offer forestry programs and in 1947, the first degree in Arboriculture was issued. University courses to study urban forestry as an integrated urban forest ecosystem were first introduced at the University of Toronto in 1965.
In 1869, gypsy moths were accidentally released in the US and problems began about 20 years later. The devastation brought about by gypsy moths was probably the most important factor which led to the creation of laws dealing with arboriculture and the need to educate and hire municipal arborists. With the advance of 1940’s, phloem necrosis and oak wilt, came recognition for the need of knowledge about how to deal with these problems. Research was directed to many universities and the need for experience in shade tree management was recognized in many cities. The individual who needed the research and had to cope with the tree problems became the city forester, city arborist, or the tree warden.
In 1936, the Shade Tree Laboratory at the Massachusetts Agricultural College was established in response to the threat from DED. This was soon followed by the Waltham (MA) Field laboratory which became a special focal point to save and promote municipal arboriculture. The loss of urban elms to DED in the 1950’s, caused another public awareness of the bleak environment that resulted from the loss of trees. This encouraged an interest in tree planting programs everywhere. Although most cities in the first half of the twentieth century, began urban forestry programs, it was not until the 1960’s and 70’s that urban forestry became a separate profession. Foresters began communicating with environmentalists and a specialty of environmental forestry developed in leading communities. This was coupled with the trend to plant trees in the suburbs where there was a higher value placed on trees.
Street Tree Master Plans
The first indication of the need for information pertaining to urban tree management began back in the 1920’s. It wasn’t until the 1970’s however, that a nationwide interest in street tree inventories developed, and approximately one third of the large American cities had or considered making one. This coincided with a desire to organize pruning efforts to a city-wide scheduled program instead of on-demand which was recognized as being very inefficient. The late 70’s and 80’s brought a trend of using arboricultural consultants to prepare the inventory, analyze the data, and prepare a street tree master plan.
The street tree master plan was largely an unknown until the late 1970’s when a few consulting firms and municipal arborists from around the US experimented with writing them. It was remarkable that all of these independent actions achieved similar results in approach and format of a plan. They all contained an evaluated inventory, an evaluation of the community, local regulations, and a planting plan or tree list. Later plans became more elaborate and comprehensive.
During the 1980’s, as computerization became affordable and widespread, the need for accurate, up-to-date inventories and carefully designed street tree master plans became apparent in cities everywhere. The consulting firms and universities which designed these programs were able to customize each plan to the specific needs of each community.
Federal Regulations
In 1967, a citizen’s committee recommended to the President of the United States, that the US Forest Service should develop an urban forestry program that would provide technical assistance to US cities. By 1971 Urban Forestry Act was passed to provide technical assistance to cities and states for local urban forestry programs. The 1978 Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act expanded the commitment to urban forestry with cost sharing support for tree planting.
Urban Forestry Associations
There are a wide variety of associations that deal with urban forestry. The National Shade Tree Conference (NSTC) began in 1924. The NSTC became the International Shade Tree Conference in 1968 and the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) in 1976. The ISA now deals with the entire spectrum of arboriculture with the exception of forest care and tree care businesses, and it contains several professional affiliate or special interest groups.
In the early 1960’s, many of the urban foresters sought better representation and more time at the NSTC annual meeting. When nothing happened, the group started the Society of Municipal Arborists (SMA) in 1964. The goal was to form a society devoted to research and educational subjects in municipal arboriculture. Today, the SMA sponsors a Forestry Department Accreditation program, publishes City Trees magazine as its journal and provides many other services to its members.
With the departure of municipal members, the NSTC established the Municipal Arborists and Urban Foresters Society (MAUFS) in 1969 to meet the needs of their municipal arborists. A major association battle for members occurred in the early 1970’s as the SMA and MAUFS struggled for growth. By 1978 MAUFS membership had grown from 26 to 64 members that peaked in 1989 at 245. The SMA started with 21 members and grew to almost 200 members in the mid 90’s. There were several attempts at merging these two organizations into one. Finally, in 1996 the two became the SMA as a professional affiliate of the ISA and the combined membership was 377. Today the membership is 1000+ members from around the world.
The National Arborist Association (NAA) formed in 1938 as a special interest group in the NSTC until leaving in the mid 1950’s and eventually became today’s Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) with a focus on commercial tree care companies.
Since 1900, the Society of American Foresters (SAF) has provided access to information and networking opportunities to prepare members for the challenges and the changes that face natural resource professionals. In 1972, the SAF created an urban forestry working group. This group developed a comprehensive definition for urban forestry and continues to provide some support for urban forestry programs.
The American Forestry Association has been publishing information about general forestry since 1875 and developed the National Urban Forest Council in 1981 to promote an appreciation of the benefits of the urban forest. Now called American Forests since 1992, this group is refocused on conservation and replanting forests after disasters.
The National Arbor Day Foundation (NADF) was founded in 1972, 100 years after the first Arbor Day celebration in Nebraska. This group, now numbering over a million members, serves an educational function by passing technical information to its lay members. The NADF also sponsors the very popular Tree City USA program and it’s Arbor Day Institute which provides training programs for the layman and professional municipal arborists.
Sources
- Basile, Fred C., “The Golden Year
Edition”, Massachusetts Tree Wardens and Foresters Association, 1962.
- Campana, R.J., “A History of
Arboriculture in North America, University of Maine, 1992.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Municipal Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Municipal Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Tree of the Seminar
By Len Phillips
The Redpointe Maple is a hybrid that is a perfect mix of dark green color all summer and bright red early in the fall. Redpointe is a fast-growing, hardy, broadly pyramidal-shape tree that is a great fit for streetscapes and landscape settings. This tree is so important and suitable for city life that it has its own website and it has a Facebook page. This information has been gathered from the personal observations of the author, living in Massachusetts, Zone 6, and information provided by J. Frank Schmidt & Son nursery.
Trade Name: Redpointe Maple
Botanical Name: Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.'
Parentage: A. rubrum x A. saccharinum, 75% red maple, 25% silver maple
Family: Aceraceae
Plant Patent: # 16769
Height: 35' – 45'
Spread: 30' – 35'
Form: Broadly pyramidal form, straight dominant leader
Bloom Period: Very early spring
Flower: Insignificant
Fruit: Seldom produces many seed
Summer Foliage: Dark green and glossy in summer
Autumn Foliage: Bright red early in fall
Winter Color: Bark provides winter interest
Bark: Silver gray color for winter interest
Habitat: Redpointe Maple does well from the East Coast to Minnesota,Texas, and Pacific coast
Culture: Moist conditions, tolerates urban summer heat, most soils, pollution, and partial shade
Hardiness Zone: 5 – 8
Growth Rate: Rapid, full size in 30 years
Pest Resistance: Resistant to most pests and diseases including leaf chlorosis
Storm Resistance: Excellent, good strong wood, good crotch strength
Salt Resistance: Fair
Planting: Transplants easily bare root and B&B, avoid fall planting in northern climates, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Seldom needs any structural pruning, strong branch angles
Propagating: Best done as softwood cuttings, grown on own roots
Design Uses: Excellent for lawns and parks, medium texture
Companions: Russian cypress and dwarf nandina are good evergreen under-plantings
Comments: Brilliant red fall color plus upright, broadly pyramidal form make this tree a standout.
Fact Sheet: J. Frank Schmidt & Son
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Municipal Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
By Len Phillips
The Redpointe Maple is a hybrid that is a perfect mix of dark green color all summer and bright red early in the fall. Redpointe is a fast-growing, hardy, broadly pyramidal-shape tree that is a great fit for streetscapes and landscape settings. This tree is so important and suitable for city life that it has its own website and it has a Facebook page. This information has been gathered from the personal observations of the author, living in Massachusetts, Zone 6, and information provided by J. Frank Schmidt & Son nursery.
Trade Name: Redpointe Maple
Botanical Name: Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.'
Parentage: A. rubrum x A. saccharinum, 75% red maple, 25% silver maple
Family: Aceraceae
Plant Patent: # 16769
Height: 35' – 45'
Spread: 30' – 35'
Form: Broadly pyramidal form, straight dominant leader
Bloom Period: Very early spring
Flower: Insignificant
Fruit: Seldom produces many seed
Summer Foliage: Dark green and glossy in summer
Autumn Foliage: Bright red early in fall
Winter Color: Bark provides winter interest
Bark: Silver gray color for winter interest
Habitat: Redpointe Maple does well from the East Coast to Minnesota,Texas, and Pacific coast
Culture: Moist conditions, tolerates urban summer heat, most soils, pollution, and partial shade
Hardiness Zone: 5 – 8
Growth Rate: Rapid, full size in 30 years
Pest Resistance: Resistant to most pests and diseases including leaf chlorosis
Storm Resistance: Excellent, good strong wood, good crotch strength
Salt Resistance: Fair
Planting: Transplants easily bare root and B&B, avoid fall planting in northern climates, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Seldom needs any structural pruning, strong branch angles
Propagating: Best done as softwood cuttings, grown on own roots
Design Uses: Excellent for lawns and parks, medium texture
Companions: Russian cypress and dwarf nandina are good evergreen under-plantings
Comments: Brilliant red fall color plus upright, broadly pyramidal form make this tree a standout.
Fact Sheet: J. Frank Schmidt & Son
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Municipal Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
The Basics of Soil Carbon
Edited by Len Phillips
Soil Organic Matter
In order to understand what soil carbon is all about, one must first understand what soil organic matter is. Soil organic matter is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of tree, plant, and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and substances synthesized by soil organisms. Soil organic matter, of which carbon is a major part, holds a great proportion of nutrients, cations, and trace elements that are important to tree growth. Organic matter prevents nutrient leaching, and is integral to the organic acids that make minerals available to trees. It also buffers soil from drastic changes in pH. Fresh material on the surface of the soil, such as leaf litter, is not part of the organic matter until it starts to decompose.
Soil Organic Carbon
Soil organic carbon or soil carbon as it is more commonly known, is the carbon stored within the soil organic matter. It is part of the soil organic matter that trees need and it is linked with other important elements such as nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and calcium. Soil carbon is primarily composed of biomass and non-biomass sources. Biomass carbon includes various bacteria and fungi. Non-biomass carbon includes cellulose, starch, lignin, and other diverse organic carbon compounds. Non-biomass carbon binds to the mineral soil, becoming encapsulated in soil aggregates.
It is widely accepted that the carbon content of soil is a major factor in the soil’s overall health. Soil carbon improves the physical properties of soil. It increases the cation-exchange capacity and water-holding capacity of sandy soil, and it contributes to the structural stability of clay soils by helping it to bind particles into aggregates.
Different Types of Soil Carbon
There are four biologically significant types of soil organic carbon. They are:
Edited by Len Phillips
Soil Organic Matter
In order to understand what soil carbon is all about, one must first understand what soil organic matter is. Soil organic matter is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of tree, plant, and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and substances synthesized by soil organisms. Soil organic matter, of which carbon is a major part, holds a great proportion of nutrients, cations, and trace elements that are important to tree growth. Organic matter prevents nutrient leaching, and is integral to the organic acids that make minerals available to trees. It also buffers soil from drastic changes in pH. Fresh material on the surface of the soil, such as leaf litter, is not part of the organic matter until it starts to decompose.
Soil Organic Carbon
Soil organic carbon or soil carbon as it is more commonly known, is the carbon stored within the soil organic matter. It is part of the soil organic matter that trees need and it is linked with other important elements such as nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and calcium. Soil carbon is primarily composed of biomass and non-biomass sources. Biomass carbon includes various bacteria and fungi. Non-biomass carbon includes cellulose, starch, lignin, and other diverse organic carbon compounds. Non-biomass carbon binds to the mineral soil, becoming encapsulated in soil aggregates.
It is widely accepted that the carbon content of soil is a major factor in the soil’s overall health. Soil carbon improves the physical properties of soil. It increases the cation-exchange capacity and water-holding capacity of sandy soil, and it contributes to the structural stability of clay soils by helping it to bind particles into aggregates.
Different Types of Soil Carbon
There are four biologically significant types of soil organic carbon. They are:
- crop residues – which consists of root and
shoot residues found in the soil and near the surface. They are readily broken down to provide
energy for the soil’s biological processes.
- particulate organic carbon – which consists of individual
pieces of plant debris that are broken down more slowly than crop
residues. This form of carbon is
important for soil structure, energy for biological processes, and for the
provision of nutrients. This soil carbon is found in topsoil and is in
continual flux between microbial hosts and the atmosphere.
- humus – which consists of decomposed
materials that are dominated by molecules stuck to soil minerals. Humus plays a role in all key soil
functions. The majority of available
soil nitrogen derived from soil organic matter comes from the humus type of
soil carbon.
- recalcitrant organic carbon – which is biologically stable
and is typically in the form of biochar or charcoal, is produced by burning
carbon-rich materials in the absence of oxygen.
It is attracting interest as both a carbon sink and possibly a source of
soil benefits. This form of carbon
decomposes very slowly and is therefore unavailable for use by
micro-organisms. This carbon is housed in soil aggregates that are
so stable that they can last thousands of years.
In good soils the amount of organic carbon can be more
than 10% of the total soil volume, while in many poorer soils, such as city
tree planting sites, carbon levels are typically less than 1%. The proportion of some carbon types can vary
because the different carbon types decompose at different rates and contain
different quantities of nutrients. All
of this will have an impact on the health and productivity of the soil carbon
and the trees needing these nutrients for proper growth.
Balancing Carbon in the Soil
The amounts of organic carbon in the soil is a balance between the build-up which comes from new plant and animal material residues and the constant losses where the carbon is exposed to air or water, and the constituents separate into mineral nutrients and gases such as carbon dioxide. This means that the amount of carbon in a soil needs to be replenished frequently. Many other factors, such as soil type may determine the amount of carbon in the soil. For example, clay soil may contain much more carbon than sandy soil.
Carbon Gains
Soil carbon additions are controlled by the type of plants and trees being grown and amount of plant and animal matter being added to the soil. Soil carbon levels can increase by any of the following:
Balancing Carbon in the Soil
The amounts of organic carbon in the soil is a balance between the build-up which comes from new plant and animal material residues and the constant losses where the carbon is exposed to air or water, and the constituents separate into mineral nutrients and gases such as carbon dioxide. This means that the amount of carbon in a soil needs to be replenished frequently. Many other factors, such as soil type may determine the amount of carbon in the soil. For example, clay soil may contain much more carbon than sandy soil.
Carbon Gains
Soil carbon additions are controlled by the type of plants and trees being grown and amount of plant and animal matter being added to the soil. Soil carbon levels can increase by any of the following:
- roots and mycorrhizal fungi moving
carbon from the leaves of trees, into the soil.
- reduced tillage or no-tillage management practices that
increase soil carbon levels from the carbon in the dry matter of crop stubble
that is left in the soil.
- carbon levels will build up in low lying wet areas.
- fire can contribute to the soil carbon load by converting
plant dry matter into charcoal which becomes the recalcitrant carbon. However, the fire itself can lead to carbon
losses through release of carbon dioxide.
- direct application of organic materials to the soil. Examples of these materials include: manure,
plant debris, composts, biosolids, and biochar.
Carbon Losses Carbon is lost when:
- the soil is drained.
- the soil is dry such as in warm, desert
environments.
- there are fallow periods with no plant inputs.
- cultivation of the soil releases the carbon in the form
of carbon dioxide.
- decreased productivity such as low nutrient availability, weed growth, disease, or subsoil constraints will lower soil carbon levels.
Actual soil carbon levels
Even though a soil may have the potential to store a certain amount of carbon, it is unlikely that this will be the actual amount that is ever found in the soil. Limiting factors, such as the availability of water, will affect the attainable amount of soil carbon. Only after all these limiting factors have been taken into account can the actual soil carbon level, that could possibly be achieved with optimal carbon inputs, be determined.
Although significant changes can occur quickly, it is important to note that often decades of constant management are required to define the ultimate soil organic carbon content that may be reached. Planting more trees will help.
Sources
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Even though a soil may have the potential to store a certain amount of carbon, it is unlikely that this will be the actual amount that is ever found in the soil. Limiting factors, such as the availability of water, will affect the attainable amount of soil carbon. Only after all these limiting factors have been taken into account can the actual soil carbon level, that could possibly be achieved with optimal carbon inputs, be determined.
Although significant changes can occur quickly, it is important to note that often decades of constant management are required to define the ultimate soil organic carbon content that may be reached. Planting more trees will help.
Sources
- Baldock, Dr. Jeffrey, “Soil carbon: the basics”, CSIRO,
October 2011.
- Schwartz, Judith D., “Soil as Carbon Storehouse”, Yale Environment 360, March 2014.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Tips from the Field - Design for Maintenance
By Len Phillips
Because so many beautiful designs are maintenance nightmares, I would like to suggest the arborist work with the landscape designer or architect to resolve maintenance issues before the project is built. This article might also be useful if given to the designer during the project design phase to avoid future problems that the designer might not be aware of.
In every new construction project the person responsible for the landscape maintenance should make every effort to consult with the person responsible for creating the design. The plans should be checked for maintenance saving improvements and be sure the landscape design contains provisions for maintenance and service equipment. Also check the drawing for unnecessary high maintenance items or ask the designer to prepare a maintenance report to accompany the design.
Tree Care
Watering newly planted trees, shrubs, and flowers is a very important factor often overlooked. Even if the planting occurs on a rainy day, the plants should be watered thoroughly three times during the first 24 hours after planting to eliminate any air pockets and reduce transplant shock. A daily watering is necessary for the first 2 weeks. After that the plants should receive at least one inch of water per caliper inch every week until the end of the first growing season.
Tree stakes should not be used unless the trees are very large or very small and the site is windy or subject to vandalism. If stakes are necessary, provisions should be made for their removal at the end of the first growing season. Using a tree staple to keep the roots in contact with the soil is an excellent alternative to using stakes.
Lawns
Lawns should be designed with smooth flowing curves which create attractive and maintainable lawn areas. These curves should conform the turning radius of the mowing equipment so the mowers can keep moving with a minimum of sharp turns, turnarounds, or repeat mowing, thereby reducing soil compaction at its impact on tree roots.
Mowing obstructions such as trees, fences, hydrants, and sign posts are the most time wasting features of any maintenance program. When possible, the design should be modified to move or locate these mowing obstacles into a shrub or flower bed. These flower and shrub beds can also make attractive substitutions for fences while promoting recognition of the landscape design and maintenance. The use of flower and shrub beds are actually easier than lawns to maintain, provided they receive an annual layer of organic mulch. The maintenance personnel will spend less time with a quick weekly weeding using a long handled hoe, instead of a weekly mowing that will require hauling in a mower and trimmer. Mulch is not only a great labor saving device, it is also valuable for conserving water for the plant material, improving the quality of water in the soil, and providing nutrients that are useful for soil microorganisms that improve soil quality and nutrient availability for the plant material. Plus, a shrub bed is much more sustainable and better for the environment than turfgrass.
Where steep banks are necessary, lawn mowing options should be considered because the banks can be very difficult to mow and are sometimes considered dangerous. Attention is required for unseen tree roots if the steep banks are to be modified. Ground covers over the entire embankment are usually less expensive than the weekly mowing cost. If walls are being considered, they should be flush with the top of the wall if the mower is to cut the grass at the top of the wall and a buried paver for the mower wheel should be set at the bottom of the wall if a mower is expected to trim the grass at the bottom of this wall.
If there is a large area of forest in the design, the forest floor should remain covered with leaves and left in its natural state. If a picnic area is to be placed in the forest, the tree branches should be raised at least 15 feet above the forest floor. Shrub bed mulch must be applied and maintained annually to replace the leaves removed from the site and the natural ground cover vegetation.
Mower Damage to Trees
Lawn mowers are most often operated by people with little or no training in arboriculture. They do not understand injury and infection started by lawnmower wounds at a tree’s flair or to the tree’s surface roots. Lawn mowers cause the most severe injury in early spring, during leaf emergence, and in early fall during leaf drop and also during periods when the tree bark is most likely to “slip”. If the bark slips from equipment abuse, a large wound is produced from even minor injuries.
Most tree injuries occur when the mower, weed whip, or weed wacker operators attempt to trim grass around trunks with their equipment. The site of the injury is usually the root buttress or flare when it gets into the path of the blades or strings. Although large wounds are the most serious, repeated small wounds can also add up to trouble and result in pre-mature tree death.
While the wounds from lawn mowing equipment are serious enough by themselves, the wounded tree must also protect itself from pathogens that invade the wound. These microorganisms can often attack the injured bark and invade the adjacent healthy tissues, greatly enlarging the affected area. Sometimes, trees can be completely girdled from microbial attack following lawnmower wounds. Decay fungi also become active on the wound surface. Structural deterioration of the wood tissues beneath the wound may also occur. Many wounded trees that are not girdled may eventually break off at the flare due to internal decay. These failures can result in damage to property or unsuspecting people who are sitting underneath the tree.
Solution
The lawnmower injury problem is not a tree problem but a people problem. It is a classic case of communication breakdown. The solution is to educate lawnmower and weed whip or weed wacker operators about tree wounds and then to hold them responsible for injuries that they cause.
Tree injuries can also be prevented by keeping turf at least 6 inches (15 cm) away from tree trunks or by require hand trimming if grass must be allowed within 6 inches of the tree trunk. The most sensible solution to this problem is to keep the mulch saucer created at the time of planting. It may also be expanded as the tree grows. This not only looks nice and protects the tree from damage, but the mulched area also encourages microbial activity which in turn, encourages tree growth. Weed whips or weed whackers must not be allowed next to the tree trunk because repeated hitting the tree trunk with the string or cutting blade will cause internal injury to the tree. A mulch ring containing organic mulch, will deter mowers from injuring the tree trunk. The tree will also benefit from the mulch in other ways, such as soil moisture conservation.
Injury Treatment
Bark can often be successfully reattached to the trees if the wounds are treated within a few minutes after the injury occurs. Torn bark should be positioned as much as possible in its exact position before the injury and held in place by a few small tacks or long staples. The entire break in the bark should then be covered with grafting wax to prevent the loss of fluids from the tree and also to discourage the entry of pests that could harm the tree.
If several hours have passed since the injury, the loose bark should be cut away and the edges of the wound should be cut with a pruning knife for aesthetic reasons only. There is no need to make deep scribes or any vertical sharp points or any curve along the edge of the wound. Older wounds will develop callus all around the edge of the wound so they are best left alone. If any bark around old wounds is dead, it can be removed back to live bark. An application of wound dressing or paint should not be considered except for cosmetic purposes only. The pruning tools should be sterilized before and after treating each tree.
Source
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA management credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
By Len Phillips
Because so many beautiful designs are maintenance nightmares, I would like to suggest the arborist work with the landscape designer or architect to resolve maintenance issues before the project is built. This article might also be useful if given to the designer during the project design phase to avoid future problems that the designer might not be aware of.
In every new construction project the person responsible for the landscape maintenance should make every effort to consult with the person responsible for creating the design. The plans should be checked for maintenance saving improvements and be sure the landscape design contains provisions for maintenance and service equipment. Also check the drawing for unnecessary high maintenance items or ask the designer to prepare a maintenance report to accompany the design.
Tree Care
Watering newly planted trees, shrubs, and flowers is a very important factor often overlooked. Even if the planting occurs on a rainy day, the plants should be watered thoroughly three times during the first 24 hours after planting to eliminate any air pockets and reduce transplant shock. A daily watering is necessary for the first 2 weeks. After that the plants should receive at least one inch of water per caliper inch every week until the end of the first growing season.
Tree stakes should not be used unless the trees are very large or very small and the site is windy or subject to vandalism. If stakes are necessary, provisions should be made for their removal at the end of the first growing season. Using a tree staple to keep the roots in contact with the soil is an excellent alternative to using stakes.
Lawns
Lawns should be designed with smooth flowing curves which create attractive and maintainable lawn areas. These curves should conform the turning radius of the mowing equipment so the mowers can keep moving with a minimum of sharp turns, turnarounds, or repeat mowing, thereby reducing soil compaction at its impact on tree roots.
Mowing obstructions such as trees, fences, hydrants, and sign posts are the most time wasting features of any maintenance program. When possible, the design should be modified to move or locate these mowing obstacles into a shrub or flower bed. These flower and shrub beds can also make attractive substitutions for fences while promoting recognition of the landscape design and maintenance. The use of flower and shrub beds are actually easier than lawns to maintain, provided they receive an annual layer of organic mulch. The maintenance personnel will spend less time with a quick weekly weeding using a long handled hoe, instead of a weekly mowing that will require hauling in a mower and trimmer. Mulch is not only a great labor saving device, it is also valuable for conserving water for the plant material, improving the quality of water in the soil, and providing nutrients that are useful for soil microorganisms that improve soil quality and nutrient availability for the plant material. Plus, a shrub bed is much more sustainable and better for the environment than turfgrass.
Where steep banks are necessary, lawn mowing options should be considered because the banks can be very difficult to mow and are sometimes considered dangerous. Attention is required for unseen tree roots if the steep banks are to be modified. Ground covers over the entire embankment are usually less expensive than the weekly mowing cost. If walls are being considered, they should be flush with the top of the wall if the mower is to cut the grass at the top of the wall and a buried paver for the mower wheel should be set at the bottom of the wall if a mower is expected to trim the grass at the bottom of this wall.
If there is a large area of forest in the design, the forest floor should remain covered with leaves and left in its natural state. If a picnic area is to be placed in the forest, the tree branches should be raised at least 15 feet above the forest floor. Shrub bed mulch must be applied and maintained annually to replace the leaves removed from the site and the natural ground cover vegetation.
Mower Damage to Trees
Lawn mowers are most often operated by people with little or no training in arboriculture. They do not understand injury and infection started by lawnmower wounds at a tree’s flair or to the tree’s surface roots. Lawn mowers cause the most severe injury in early spring, during leaf emergence, and in early fall during leaf drop and also during periods when the tree bark is most likely to “slip”. If the bark slips from equipment abuse, a large wound is produced from even minor injuries.
Most tree injuries occur when the mower, weed whip, or weed wacker operators attempt to trim grass around trunks with their equipment. The site of the injury is usually the root buttress or flare when it gets into the path of the blades or strings. Although large wounds are the most serious, repeated small wounds can also add up to trouble and result in pre-mature tree death.
While the wounds from lawn mowing equipment are serious enough by themselves, the wounded tree must also protect itself from pathogens that invade the wound. These microorganisms can often attack the injured bark and invade the adjacent healthy tissues, greatly enlarging the affected area. Sometimes, trees can be completely girdled from microbial attack following lawnmower wounds. Decay fungi also become active on the wound surface. Structural deterioration of the wood tissues beneath the wound may also occur. Many wounded trees that are not girdled may eventually break off at the flare due to internal decay. These failures can result in damage to property or unsuspecting people who are sitting underneath the tree.
Solution
The lawnmower injury problem is not a tree problem but a people problem. It is a classic case of communication breakdown. The solution is to educate lawnmower and weed whip or weed wacker operators about tree wounds and then to hold them responsible for injuries that they cause.
Tree injuries can also be prevented by keeping turf at least 6 inches (15 cm) away from tree trunks or by require hand trimming if grass must be allowed within 6 inches of the tree trunk. The most sensible solution to this problem is to keep the mulch saucer created at the time of planting. It may also be expanded as the tree grows. This not only looks nice and protects the tree from damage, but the mulched area also encourages microbial activity which in turn, encourages tree growth. Weed whips or weed whackers must not be allowed next to the tree trunk because repeated hitting the tree trunk with the string or cutting blade will cause internal injury to the tree. A mulch ring containing organic mulch, will deter mowers from injuring the tree trunk. The tree will also benefit from the mulch in other ways, such as soil moisture conservation.
Injury Treatment
Bark can often be successfully reattached to the trees if the wounds are treated within a few minutes after the injury occurs. Torn bark should be positioned as much as possible in its exact position before the injury and held in place by a few small tacks or long staples. The entire break in the bark should then be covered with grafting wax to prevent the loss of fluids from the tree and also to discourage the entry of pests that could harm the tree.
If several hours have passed since the injury, the loose bark should be cut away and the edges of the wound should be cut with a pruning knife for aesthetic reasons only. There is no need to make deep scribes or any vertical sharp points or any curve along the edge of the wound. Older wounds will develop callus all around the edge of the wound so they are best left alone. If any bark around old wounds is dead, it can be removed back to live bark. An application of wound dressing or paint should not be considered except for cosmetic purposes only. The pruning tools should be sterilized before and after treating each tree.
Source
- Tattar, Terry A. and Alex L. Shigo,
“Mowers can Kill Trees”, City Trees,
April 1986.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA management credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Plant Galls
Edited by Len Phillips
Plant galls are an abnormal growth caused by interactions with certain insects, mites, fungi, bacteria, or nematodes. Galls may occur on leaves, stems, roots, bark, buds, and flowers. The multitude of organisms that cause galls make gall species identification difficult. There are literally tens of thousands of plant galls in nature's wonderland. Because what caused the gall is often already departed or microscopic in size, identification can be very difficult.
Gall Hosts
Each gall maker has a particular plant or set of plants it affects. For example, the horned oak gall wasp only causes its woody galls on pin oak and certain red oak subspecies. The maple bladder gall mite causes its roundish red galls on silver and red maple leaves. The fungal gall called plum black knot only occurs on plum trees. The cedar apple rust gall is caused by a fungus, crown gall is caused by a bacterium, and root knot is caused by a nematode.
There are more than 800 insect galls on the different species of oaks. There are the oak apple galls with their round pulpy orbs the size and color of small green apples. The jumping oak gall will jump a few centimeters due to agitation of the surprised wasp larvae inside. Oak spangle galls create pink flying saucer like discs on oak leaves. The spined turban gall, the two wood stem gall, the horned oak gall, and the gouty oak gall are some other common galls that prefer oak trees.
Types of Galls
Galls created by insects and mites are stimulated by egg-laying and feeding activities by the gall maker which results in specific growth reactions involving the plant's hormones. Each case is a bit different, but the end result is that abnormal plant tissue develops which then serves as a home for the developing eggs and other stages of the gall-inciting insect or mite.
Galls caused by fungi typically are a combination of plant cells and microscopic threads of the fungus infecting the plant. Examples include the mouse gray mushroom-like flower and leaf galls on rhododendrons and their relatives, the spectacular cedar apple galls on junipers, the warty black growths typical of black knot on plum, and the galls on forsythia caused by the Phomopsis fungus.
Cedar rusts are one of the most common fungal galls. The cedar-apple rust galls developing on junipers begin as a small wart shaped greenish-brown kidney-shaped gall. Eventually becoming somewhat brownish and ranging in size from a pea to a golf ball. In the spring, the fungus in the gall sporulates, producing spectacular bright orange gelatinous spore horns that obscure the underlying gall. Microscopic spores from these spore horns infect plants in the rose family such as apple and hawthorn in spring, which then produce spore masses that cycle spores back to the junipers in summer and fall. Fungicides preventing infection of the rose family are the controls used by orchardists, but are rarely used in landscape situations.
The most famous gall disease is bacterial crown gall. The bacterium Agrobacterium tunnefaciens enters plant roots and root crown cells through tiny wounds. It then exchanges bacterial DNA with plant cells, becoming integrated into the chromosomes of the plant cell's nucleus, and this induces production of plant growth hormones that result in galls and tumors. The galls develop on the roots and crowns and on some plants, the migration of bacteria in the vascular system upward results in galls on the upper stem. Crown gall is historically important not only because it is a real economic problem on many fruit crops such as apples and stone fruits, or on ornamentals such as roses and euonymus, but also because the method of insertion of bacteria DNA into the host plant chromosomes is exploited in genetically modified organism biotechnology.
Economic Impact
Most galls cause little plant damage in terms of overall plant health. Maple spindle galls and maple bladder galls are common, but they do not hurt the plants and require no controls as far as plant health is concerned.
Some galls are true plant problems including oak galls that occur on stems. These galls sometimes develop so abundantly that they interfere with vascular movement in the stem and contribute to plant decline.
Gall Control
Control of galls is difficult because each case is different. Removal, sanitation, and soil replacement, are the best remedies. Preventative doses of fungicides and insecticides are sometimes in order for a professional who sells or displays plants, although often life cycles of the pest make it difficult to effectively target the source of the problem.
It is also important to note the gall problems are usually aesthetic and are in the eye of the beholder. Most galls are not plant killers.
Source
Chatfield, Jim, Joe Boggs, “The infinite variety of galls”, Nursery Management, September 2012.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Edited by Len Phillips
Plant galls are an abnormal growth caused by interactions with certain insects, mites, fungi, bacteria, or nematodes. Galls may occur on leaves, stems, roots, bark, buds, and flowers. The multitude of organisms that cause galls make gall species identification difficult. There are literally tens of thousands of plant galls in nature's wonderland. Because what caused the gall is often already departed or microscopic in size, identification can be very difficult.
Gall Hosts
Each gall maker has a particular plant or set of plants it affects. For example, the horned oak gall wasp only causes its woody galls on pin oak and certain red oak subspecies. The maple bladder gall mite causes its roundish red galls on silver and red maple leaves. The fungal gall called plum black knot only occurs on plum trees. The cedar apple rust gall is caused by a fungus, crown gall is caused by a bacterium, and root knot is caused by a nematode.
There are more than 800 insect galls on the different species of oaks. There are the oak apple galls with their round pulpy orbs the size and color of small green apples. The jumping oak gall will jump a few centimeters due to agitation of the surprised wasp larvae inside. Oak spangle galls create pink flying saucer like discs on oak leaves. The spined turban gall, the two wood stem gall, the horned oak gall, and the gouty oak gall are some other common galls that prefer oak trees.
Types of Galls
Galls created by insects and mites are stimulated by egg-laying and feeding activities by the gall maker which results in specific growth reactions involving the plant's hormones. Each case is a bit different, but the end result is that abnormal plant tissue develops which then serves as a home for the developing eggs and other stages of the gall-inciting insect or mite.
Galls caused by fungi typically are a combination of plant cells and microscopic threads of the fungus infecting the plant. Examples include the mouse gray mushroom-like flower and leaf galls on rhododendrons and their relatives, the spectacular cedar apple galls on junipers, the warty black growths typical of black knot on plum, and the galls on forsythia caused by the Phomopsis fungus.
Cedar rusts are one of the most common fungal galls. The cedar-apple rust galls developing on junipers begin as a small wart shaped greenish-brown kidney-shaped gall. Eventually becoming somewhat brownish and ranging in size from a pea to a golf ball. In the spring, the fungus in the gall sporulates, producing spectacular bright orange gelatinous spore horns that obscure the underlying gall. Microscopic spores from these spore horns infect plants in the rose family such as apple and hawthorn in spring, which then produce spore masses that cycle spores back to the junipers in summer and fall. Fungicides preventing infection of the rose family are the controls used by orchardists, but are rarely used in landscape situations.
The most famous gall disease is bacterial crown gall. The bacterium Agrobacterium tunnefaciens enters plant roots and root crown cells through tiny wounds. It then exchanges bacterial DNA with plant cells, becoming integrated into the chromosomes of the plant cell's nucleus, and this induces production of plant growth hormones that result in galls and tumors. The galls develop on the roots and crowns and on some plants, the migration of bacteria in the vascular system upward results in galls on the upper stem. Crown gall is historically important not only because it is a real economic problem on many fruit crops such as apples and stone fruits, or on ornamentals such as roses and euonymus, but also because the method of insertion of bacteria DNA into the host plant chromosomes is exploited in genetically modified organism biotechnology.
Economic Impact
Most galls cause little plant damage in terms of overall plant health. Maple spindle galls and maple bladder galls are common, but they do not hurt the plants and require no controls as far as plant health is concerned.
Some galls are true plant problems including oak galls that occur on stems. These galls sometimes develop so abundantly that they interfere with vascular movement in the stem and contribute to plant decline.
Gall Control
Control of galls is difficult because each case is different. Removal, sanitation, and soil replacement, are the best remedies. Preventative doses of fungicides and insecticides are sometimes in order for a professional who sells or displays plants, although often life cycles of the pest make it difficult to effectively target the source of the problem.
It is also important to note the gall problems are usually aesthetic and are in the eye of the beholder. Most galls are not plant killers.
Source
Chatfield, Jim, Joe Boggs, “The infinite variety of galls”, Nursery Management, September 2012.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Cultivars
of EAB Resistant Ash
By Len Phillips
At the present time there are three ash cultivars that have some degree of resistance to the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB). These ash are all related to Manchurian ash, Fraxinus mandshurica, which is native to area of Asia where the borer evolved as a minor pest on Manchurian ash. All three cultivars have Manchurian or black ash, Fraxinus nigra, in their parentage. Unfortunately, these trees are fairly new to the industry and are going to require an extensive search to find them if you want to plant any this year.
Trade Name: Mancana Ash
Botanical Name: Fraxinus mandshurica 'Mancana'
Parentage: Selected by the Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba
Family: Oleaceae
Height: 40’ - 50'
Spread: 25’ - 30'
Form: Oval to round, strong central leader upward-arching branches
Bloom Period: Early spring
Flower: Insignificant with low production of seed
Fruit: None, considered seedless
Summer Foliage: Attractive compound leaves, chartreuse to medium green
Autumn Foliage: Bright yellow, leaves all drop in unison
Winter Color: Yellow bark on new wood provides winter interest
Bark: Gray with brown lenticels and narrow ridges, not attractive
Habitat: Does well in a wide range of soil types and moisture levels, excellent resistance to urban pollution
Culture: Prefers full sun
Hardiness Zone: 2 – 8, tolerates -40° F
Growth Rate: Medium to fast, full size in 20 years, 2 – 3 feet per year, life span is 70 years
Pest Resistance: Highly resistant to Emerald Ash Borer, no other pest problems, disliked by deer
Storm Resistance: Excellent, especially heavy snow and most ice storms
Salt Resistance: Good
Planting: Transplants easily, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Prune in summer after spring growth
Propagating: Budded or grafted on black ash rootstock
Design Uses: Specimen for lawn or park, street, and residential locations
Companions: Use with plants having coarse textured leaves
Other Comments: Outstanding foliage quality and symmetrical branch habit makes this a premier choice a shade tree planting, high tolerance to urban pollution
Photo: click on the “View All" note
Trade Name: Northern Treasure Ash
Botanical Name: Fraxinus x 'Northern Treasure'
Parentage: Fraxinus nigra x Fraxinus mandshurica
Family: Oleaceae
Origin: Dr. Wilbert Ronald at Morden Research Station, made the cross in 1969
Introduction: Agriculture Canada in 1997
Plant Patent: # 11840
Height: 35’ - 45'
Spread: 20’ - 35'
Form: Upright with a strong central leader with an acute branching character
Bloom Period: Early spring
Flower: Insignificant with low production of seed
Fruit: None, essentially seedless
Summer Foliage: Chartreuse green compound leaves
Autumn Foliage: Pale yellow orange
Winter Color: Light gray bark on new wood provides winter interest
Bark: Light to dark gray with deep furrows
Habitat: Does well in a wide range of soil types and growing conditions
Culture: Prefers full to moderate sun
Hardiness Zone: 2 – 8
Growth Rate: Medium to fast
Pest Resistance: Highly resistant to ash flower gall mite and resistance to ash borer is mixed
Storm Resistance: Excellent
Salt Resistance: Good
Planting: Transplants easily, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Prune in summer after spring growth
Propagating: Budded or grafted on green ash rootstock
Design Uses: Excellent shade tree for residential, boulevard and commercial plantings.
Companions: Use with coarse textured leaves
Other Comments: Well suited for the lining of streets and boulevards.
Photo: Jeffries Nurseries
Trade Name: Northern Gem Ash
Botanical Name: Fraxinus x 'Northern Gem'
Parentage: Fraxinus nigra x Fraxinus mandshurica
Family: Oleaceae
Origin: Dr. Wilbert Ronald at Morden Research Station, made the cross in 1969
Introduction: Agriculture Canada in 1989
Plant Patent: # 11777
Height: 35’ - 40'
Spread: 25’ - 30'
Form: Broad oval to round shape
Bloom Period: Early spring
Flower: Insignificant with low production of seed
Fruit: Sterile
Summer Foliage: Dull green compound leaves
Autumn Foliage: Shiny yellow orange
Winter Color: Yellow green bark on new wood provides winter interest
Bark: Light to dark gray with deep furrows
Habitat: Does well in a wide range of soil types and growing conditions
Culture: Prefers full to moderate sun
Hardiness Zone: 3 – 8
Growth Rate: Vigorous
Pest Resistance: Highly resistant to ash flower gall mite and ash borer damage is mixed
Storm Resistance: Excellent
Salt Resistance: Good
Planting: Transplants easily, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Prune in summer after spring growth
Propagating: Budded or grafted on green or black ash rootstock
Design Uses: Excellent shade tree for residential, boulevard and commercial plantings.
Companions: Use with trees having coarse textured leaves
Other Comments: Well suited for downtown streets and boulevards where outstanding foliage is required.
Photo: Jeffries Nursery
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
By Len Phillips
At the present time there are three ash cultivars that have some degree of resistance to the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB). These ash are all related to Manchurian ash, Fraxinus mandshurica, which is native to area of Asia where the borer evolved as a minor pest on Manchurian ash. All three cultivars have Manchurian or black ash, Fraxinus nigra, in their parentage. Unfortunately, these trees are fairly new to the industry and are going to require an extensive search to find them if you want to plant any this year.
Trade Name: Mancana Ash
Botanical Name: Fraxinus mandshurica 'Mancana'
Parentage: Selected by the Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba
Family: Oleaceae
Height: 40’ - 50'
Spread: 25’ - 30'
Form: Oval to round, strong central leader upward-arching branches
Bloom Period: Early spring
Flower: Insignificant with low production of seed
Fruit: None, considered seedless
Summer Foliage: Attractive compound leaves, chartreuse to medium green
Autumn Foliage: Bright yellow, leaves all drop in unison
Winter Color: Yellow bark on new wood provides winter interest
Bark: Gray with brown lenticels and narrow ridges, not attractive
Habitat: Does well in a wide range of soil types and moisture levels, excellent resistance to urban pollution
Culture: Prefers full sun
Hardiness Zone: 2 – 8, tolerates -40° F
Growth Rate: Medium to fast, full size in 20 years, 2 – 3 feet per year, life span is 70 years
Pest Resistance: Highly resistant to Emerald Ash Borer, no other pest problems, disliked by deer
Storm Resistance: Excellent, especially heavy snow and most ice storms
Salt Resistance: Good
Planting: Transplants easily, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Prune in summer after spring growth
Propagating: Budded or grafted on black ash rootstock
Design Uses: Specimen for lawn or park, street, and residential locations
Companions: Use with plants having coarse textured leaves
Other Comments: Outstanding foliage quality and symmetrical branch habit makes this a premier choice a shade tree planting, high tolerance to urban pollution
Photo: click on the “View All" note
Trade Name: Northern Treasure Ash
Botanical Name: Fraxinus x 'Northern Treasure'
Parentage: Fraxinus nigra x Fraxinus mandshurica
Family: Oleaceae
Origin: Dr. Wilbert Ronald at Morden Research Station, made the cross in 1969
Introduction: Agriculture Canada in 1997
Plant Patent: # 11840
Height: 35’ - 45'
Spread: 20’ - 35'
Form: Upright with a strong central leader with an acute branching character
Bloom Period: Early spring
Flower: Insignificant with low production of seed
Fruit: None, essentially seedless
Summer Foliage: Chartreuse green compound leaves
Autumn Foliage: Pale yellow orange
Winter Color: Light gray bark on new wood provides winter interest
Bark: Light to dark gray with deep furrows
Habitat: Does well in a wide range of soil types and growing conditions
Culture: Prefers full to moderate sun
Hardiness Zone: 2 – 8
Growth Rate: Medium to fast
Pest Resistance: Highly resistant to ash flower gall mite and resistance to ash borer is mixed
Storm Resistance: Excellent
Salt Resistance: Good
Planting: Transplants easily, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Prune in summer after spring growth
Propagating: Budded or grafted on green ash rootstock
Design Uses: Excellent shade tree for residential, boulevard and commercial plantings.
Companions: Use with coarse textured leaves
Other Comments: Well suited for the lining of streets and boulevards.
Photo: Jeffries Nurseries
Trade Name: Northern Gem Ash
Botanical Name: Fraxinus x 'Northern Gem'
Parentage: Fraxinus nigra x Fraxinus mandshurica
Family: Oleaceae
Origin: Dr. Wilbert Ronald at Morden Research Station, made the cross in 1969
Introduction: Agriculture Canada in 1989
Plant Patent: # 11777
Height: 35’ - 40'
Spread: 25’ - 30'
Form: Broad oval to round shape
Bloom Period: Early spring
Flower: Insignificant with low production of seed
Fruit: Sterile
Summer Foliage: Dull green compound leaves
Autumn Foliage: Shiny yellow orange
Winter Color: Yellow green bark on new wood provides winter interest
Bark: Light to dark gray with deep furrows
Habitat: Does well in a wide range of soil types and growing conditions
Culture: Prefers full to moderate sun
Hardiness Zone: 3 – 8
Growth Rate: Vigorous
Pest Resistance: Highly resistant to ash flower gall mite and ash borer damage is mixed
Storm Resistance: Excellent
Salt Resistance: Good
Planting: Transplants easily, suitable for CU-Structural Soil planting
Pruning: Prune in summer after spring growth
Propagating: Budded or grafted on green or black ash rootstock
Design Uses: Excellent shade tree for residential, boulevard and commercial plantings.
Companions: Use with trees having coarse textured leaves
Other Comments: Well suited for downtown streets and boulevards where outstanding foliage is required.
Photo: Jeffries Nursery
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.
Growth Factors of Trees
Edited by Len Phillips
You no longer have to cut down a tree and count growth rings to determine its age. You don’t even need expensive equipment to take a core sample using an increment borer or an extensive education.
But you do need to know your tree identification and know it well. There is a non-invasive way to estimate tree age in common trees, where they are grown in a forest environment. Trees, by species, are genetically coded to grow at about the same rate under similar conditions. Here is a formula arborists can use to predict a tree’s age.
Begin by determining the tree species and take a diameter measurement. A DBH measurement in inches (54 inches above ground level) multiplied by a growth factor will give you a very good approximate age. The formula is: Diameter X Growth Factor = Approximate Tree Age
The higher the growth factor, the slower the tree grows. The growth factors listed below are more accurate for forest-grown trees, which grow thinner than street trees. Stressed trees from urban situations such as inadequate soil, and damage or topping will grow slower and weaker than healthy forest trees. For example a factor of 3 is applied to fast growing Silver maple, Tulip tree, Callery pear, Pin oak and Littleleaf linden that are commonly planted in urban settings. The fastest growers are Aspen and Cottonwood that prefer groves of similar trees and have a growth factor of 2. The slowest growers are White fir and shagbark hickory – factor of 7.5 and Horsechestnut – factor of 8. Therefore an Aspen with a 10 inch DBH is no more than 20 years old, while a Horsechestnut of 10 inch DBH is about 80 years old.
Species and growth factors are:
American beech 6 American elm 4
American sycamore 4
Aspen 2
Austrian pine 4.5
Basswood 3
Black cherry 5
Black maple 5
Black walnut 4.5
Callery pear 3
Common horsechestnut 8
Colorado blue spruce 4.5
Cottonwood 2
Dogwood 7
Douglas fir 5
European beech 4
European white birch 5
Green ash 4
Ironwood 7
Kentucky coffee tree 3
Littleleaf linden 3
Northern red oak 4
Norway maple 4.5
Norway spruce 5
Pin oak 3
Redbud 7
Red maple 4.5
Red oak 4
Red pine 5.5
River birch 3.5
Scarlet oak 4
Scotch pine 3.5
Shagbark hickory 7.5
Shingle oak 6
Shumard oak 3
Silver maple 3
Sugar maple 5
Sweet gum 4
Tulip tree 3
White ash 5
White birch 5
White fir 7.5
White oak 5
White pine 5
Yellow buckeye 5
Remember that growth rates vary considerably within and between species, as tree health, soil, climate, and site conditions have a significant effect on rates of annual growth. Because trees in a landscape or park are often pampered, protected, compared to street trees, they are sometimes older than forest grown trees. For old to ancient trees, significantly increase the Growth Rate Factor.
Sources
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
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Edited by Len Phillips
You no longer have to cut down a tree and count growth rings to determine its age. You don’t even need expensive equipment to take a core sample using an increment borer or an extensive education.
But you do need to know your tree identification and know it well. There is a non-invasive way to estimate tree age in common trees, where they are grown in a forest environment. Trees, by species, are genetically coded to grow at about the same rate under similar conditions. Here is a formula arborists can use to predict a tree’s age.
Begin by determining the tree species and take a diameter measurement. A DBH measurement in inches (54 inches above ground level) multiplied by a growth factor will give you a very good approximate age. The formula is: Diameter X Growth Factor = Approximate Tree Age
The higher the growth factor, the slower the tree grows. The growth factors listed below are more accurate for forest-grown trees, which grow thinner than street trees. Stressed trees from urban situations such as inadequate soil, and damage or topping will grow slower and weaker than healthy forest trees. For example a factor of 3 is applied to fast growing Silver maple, Tulip tree, Callery pear, Pin oak and Littleleaf linden that are commonly planted in urban settings. The fastest growers are Aspen and Cottonwood that prefer groves of similar trees and have a growth factor of 2. The slowest growers are White fir and shagbark hickory – factor of 7.5 and Horsechestnut – factor of 8. Therefore an Aspen with a 10 inch DBH is no more than 20 years old, while a Horsechestnut of 10 inch DBH is about 80 years old.
Species and growth factors are:
American beech 6 American elm 4
American sycamore 4
Aspen 2
Austrian pine 4.5
Basswood 3
Black cherry 5
Black maple 5
Black walnut 4.5
Callery pear 3
Common horsechestnut 8
Colorado blue spruce 4.5
Cottonwood 2
Dogwood 7
Douglas fir 5
European beech 4
European white birch 5
Green ash 4
Ironwood 7
Kentucky coffee tree 3
Littleleaf linden 3
Northern red oak 4
Norway maple 4.5
Norway spruce 5
Pin oak 3
Redbud 7
Red maple 4.5
Red oak 4
Red pine 5.5
River birch 3.5
Scarlet oak 4
Scotch pine 3.5
Shagbark hickory 7.5
Shingle oak 6
Shumard oak 3
Silver maple 3
Sugar maple 5
Sweet gum 4
Tulip tree 3
White ash 5
White birch 5
White fir 7.5
White oak 5
White pine 5
Yellow buckeye 5
Remember that growth rates vary considerably within and between species, as tree health, soil, climate, and site conditions have a significant effect on rates of annual growth. Because trees in a landscape or park are often pampered, protected, compared to street trees, they are sometimes older than forest grown trees. For old to ancient trees, significantly increase the Growth Rate Factor.
Sources
- “How Old is that Tree?”, Missouri Department of Conservation, 2014.
- Nix, Steve, “Estimating a Tree’s Age”, About Education, no date.
The test that follows contains 10 questions. Before taking the test be sure you have read the article carefully. The passing grade is 80% on the entire test.
ISA will award .5 CEUs* for a passing grade. SAF members will earn 0.5 Cat. 1-CF for every five passing test scores. The cost for taking this test is $10. If you purchase an annual subscription for 15 credits, the cost per credit is reduced by 50% (see Annual Subscription link below). We will report all passing test scores to ISA and/or SAF. If you are a member of ISA and SAF we will report your passing test scores to both for no additional cost. Please be sure to add both of your certification numbers when you sign in. Tests with passing scores may be submitted only once to each organization.
*Members of ISA may apply the .5 CEUs toward Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, Municipal Specialist, Tree Worker Specialist, Aerial Lift Specialist, or BCMA science credits.
California UFC members will receive credit for passing the test. Please add your CaUFC number after your ISA and/or SAF certification number.
ASCA members may submit your ISA certification record to the ASCA and receive credits one for one.
MTOA members must follow the ISA instructions indicated above.
To take the test by the pay per test option, click on the 'Pay Now' button below where you can send payment online securely with your credit card or Pay Pal account. After your payment is submitted, click on ‘Return to gibneyCE.com’. That will take you to the test sign in page followed by the test. Members with certifications from both ISA and SAF, please be sure to add both of your certification numbers. These numbers are important for reporting purposes.
To take the test as an annual subscriber with reduced rates, click on Password and enter your test password which will take you to the test sign in page. If you would like to become a subscriber see our Annual Subscription page for details.
When you have finished answering all questions you will be prompted to click ‘next’ to send your answers to gibneyCE.com. You can then click ‘next’ to view your test summary. A test review of your answers is available upon request.
All passing test scores are sent from gibneyCE.com to your organization(s) at the end of every month and they will appear on your certification record 4 to 6 weeks* after that. ISA maintains a record of CEU credits on their website. *SAF requires 5 passing test scores before reporting.
Test re-takes are allowed, however you will have to pay for the retake if you are using the pay per test option. You can spend as much time as you would like to take the test but it is important not to leave the test site until you have answered all the questions and see the 'sending your answers' response.